oral communication 2

Audience analysis.

Preliminary sizing up:

Size.

Gender.

Age.

Education.

Knowledge level .


During presentation:

Feed back

Facial expressions

Movements

Noises

Adapt to audience.

Pause and regain attention if lost.


Appearance and physical action

Communication environment.

Personal appearance.

Posture.

Manner of walking.


Facial expressions
Smile
Frowns
Eye contact

Gestures

Physical movements.


Use of voice

Pitch variation

Vary speaking speed.

Cover simple aspects fast and hard slowly.

Vocal emphasis
Pitch
Pace
volume



Pleasant voice quality

Voice training.

Improve through self analysis

Imitation of great speakers.


Use of visuals

Graphics are useful.

Use for hard parts of message.

Chart

Diagram

Picture

Visual points of interest.


Every one can see visuals

Explain visual

Organize visual

Emphasize visual

Talk to audience

Avoid blocking the listeners view by pillars etc.


Good speaking practices

Organize the speech

Use audience level language

Articulate clearly pleasantly

Speak correctly

Be alert

Employ body language



Be relaxed natural

Look the listener in the eye

Keep still

Punctuate

Keep your temper

Move surely and quickly to conclusion.


Cross cultural

International audience

Do not over-generalize

Observe and learn on
your feet.

Ask if you do not know.

Observe differences in body positions and movements
Sit
Squat
Stand up
Greet



Observe differences in views and practices of time space & intimacy.

Hand gestures

Facial parts & gestures

Eye movements

Smile

Odor

Dress code

Values

Expression of emotion.

Frankness


Problems of language

Translation difficult esp idiomatic language.

Grammar and syntax differ.

Multiple meaning of words.

Meaning of phrases differ.

Items have different words and meanings



Many have problem using English.

Two word verbs are often misused.[ cash in]

Slang have meaning only to one culture.

Specific activity/ game / local language in a country generates words
not understood by other countrymen.


Suggestions

Use simple basic English.

Careful questions which are understood.

Check accuracy of completed communication with written summaries.



Learn language of the non English speaker.

Do back translation for important communication.

Be on guard while translating.


Standards for punctuation

Apostrophe for possession.

Brackets for quotes.

Colon for formal statement.

Comma to separate clauses, items in series,
adjectives in series, to set off nonrestrictive modifiers.



Comma to set off parenthetic expression

Dash to set off long material

Comma to set of apposition words.

Comma for units in a date or address.

Comma after introductory verbal clause.


Punctuation

Dash to show interruption

Exclamation for strong feeling.

Hyphen:

Word division

Parts of compound words


Italics:

Publication title

Foreign words abbreviation

Word name

Set off parenthetic words with parenthesis


Period

End of declarative sentence

End imperative statement

End a request

In abbreviations.

Omissions.

Question mark:

End direct question.


Quotation mark:

Speaker’s exact words.

Single for quote within quotes.

Period comma inside quotes.

Colons outside quotes.

For titles.


Semi colon

Separate independent clauses.

Items in a list.

Between equal units.

Grammar:

No adjective for adverb.

Verb & subject need number agreement.


Compound subjects need plural verbs.

Collective nouns singular or plural.

Some pronouns are singular (nobody,none)

Do not use adverbial clause as noun clause.

Avoid awkward writing.



Avoid dangling modifiers.

Avoid sentence fragments.

Pronoun should refer to preceding word.

Avoid using which that this to broad ideas.

Word , its pronoun should have same number.

Use correct case of pronoun.


Equal thoughts in parallel form.

Tense of each verb should show logical time of happening.

Present tense for current happenings.

Past tense for past happenings.



Present perfect is indefinite past tense.

Use words correctly.

Check spelling and meaning.

Numbers:

Spell nine and below.

Spell out Number at beginning.


Keep in the same form all numbers.

Use figures for days of month.

Ddmmyy or ddmmyyyy.

Spell indefinite numbers and amounts



Spell out fractions that stand alone.

Words and figures in legal documents.

Spell correctly.

Learn plurals.

Learn spelling rules.


Capitalize all proper nouns and beginning sentences.

Use ‘format > change case’ option in MSWORD.